What is the relationship between perceptions of household chaos and adult mental health?

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Adolescents who perceive their home environments as more chaotic, disorganized, and unstructured compared to their siblings are more likely to develop mental health issues in early adulthood, including higher levels of depression, anxiety, and antisocial behavior. This association holds even after accounting for family socioeconomic status and parent-reported household chaos. The subjective experience of household chaos during late adolescence (age 16) appears to be particularly influential on later mental health outcomes. Interventions aimed at altering children's perceptions of household chaos may help improve their long-term mental well-being.