How do social and environmental factors impact successful aging?

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A growing body of research suggests that social and environmental variables may have effects on various aspects of successful aging. The impact of these factors may have a direct or indirect influence on aging. For instance, environmental surroundings may influence accessibility to safe areas for physical activity. A lack of exercise, in turn, may predispose individuals to obesity and other health-related issues. Low physical activity and obesity have both been shown to be associated with reduced reports of successful aging. The environment (e.g., air quality) may also modulate risk for health conditions such as asthma or respiratory infections. In addition, the environment (i.e., neighborhood) has also been demonstrated to impact access to education (e.g., quality of schools) and quality of nutrition (e.g., food deserts, i.e., urban areas with poor access to fresh, healthy food). Educational resources may drive the extent to which cognitive stimulation is available and the level of cognitive reserve attained, whereas access to primarily unhealthy food vendors may alter risk for chronic, metabolic diseases such as diabetes. In this manner, the environment exerts direct and indirect effects on various components of successful aging.