What is the definition of biomarkers? How to measure it?

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Biomarkers, or biological markers, are measurable indicators of biological states or conditions, often used to assess normal physiological processes, disease progression, or responses to treatments. They can be derived from various biological samples, such as blood, urine, or tissues.

To measure biomarkers, researchers utilize a range of techniques, including:

Laboratory tests: Analyzing blood or urine samples for specific substances (e.g., glucose, cholesterol).

Imaging techniques: Using MRI or CT scans to visualize changes in tissues.

Molecular assays: Detecting specific proteins, genes, or metabolites associated with diseases.

These methods provide objective data for diagnosis and treatment monitoring.